This year, against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic and the recession, the crises of hunger and homelessness in the United States are more urgent than ever. As Reform Jews, it is our imperative to understand the scale of these injustices and demand much-needed relief for those most vulnerable.
Prior to the pandemic, poverty had declined consistently in each of the past five years. In 2019, the official poverty rate was 10.5 percent, continuing a steady downward trend from 14.8 percent in 2014. (The formula for calculating the poverty line has not been updated since the 1960s, so these official statistics underestimate the number of Americans living in poverty.) In the absence of federal action, the pandemic would have instantly wiped out those gains—the poverty rate likely would have soared to 16.3 percent in April 2020.
Fortunately, Congress came together in March to pass a series of COVID-19 relief packages that sent direct stimulus checks to qualifying individuals, expanded unemployment insurance, bolstered nutrition assistance, provided aid to small businesses and nonprofit organizations, and assisted state, local, and tribal governments, among other provisions. These early measures were remarkably successful: the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (H.R. 748) kept an estimated 12 to 16 million people out of poverty.
The swift measures that Congress took in March, however, did not preclude widespread economic hardship—they merely delayed it. An estimated eight million Americans slipped into poverty between May and October, as federal aid from the CARES Act started to run dry. In mid-October, 11 percent of households faced food insecurity and 16 percent were not caught up on rent. These figures—already alarming in their own right—obscure the disproportionate impact on People of Color, especially Black Americans. Among Black households, 19 percent were experiencing food insecurity in mid-October, and a staggering 26 percent were not caught up on rent.
Even prior to the pandemic, Black Americans experienced homelessness and eviction at far higher rates; one in five Black women faces eviction during her lifetime, as compared to 1 in 15 white women. These disparities reflect the legacy of racist housing policies, ongoing housing discrimination, and other obstacles to Black wealth-building. Systemic racism in housing, employment, environmental hazards, and healthcare contribute to the outsize toll of COVID-19 on communities of color, as infections and fatalities among Black, Latinx, and Native American populations far exceed their shares of the population.
There is no immediate end in sight to the pandemic, but deeper economic crisis is on the horizon. Of the emergency relief measures still in place, many are set to expire at the end of 2020. Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA), which makes contractors and other non-traditional workers eligible for federal benefits, and the Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation Program (PEUC), which adds 13 weeks of eligibility for unemployment insurance, will terminate on December 31. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s temporary eviction moratorium will also expire at the end of the year, putting tens of millions of Americans at risk of eviction and homelessness. At least 179 million Americans are already at risk of utility shutoffs—a number that will increase when some states’ shutoff moratoria expire at year’s end. Stable access to food, shelter, power, and running water are critical to individual wellbeing and to public health. Without federal intervention, soaring rates of economic hardship will coincide with an unprecedented number of infections, which will intensify the devastating impact of the pandemic.
